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you're about to hear discussion our
first in the history of exploration

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the most distant human-made object
nasa's Voyager 1 spacecraft

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is an interstellar space the space
between the stars

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this conclusion is possible

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because I've data from the spacecraft
plasma way science instrument built and

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operated by the University of Iowa

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in a team led by Don Burnette the
36-year-old probe is now sailing

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the uncharted waters of a new cosmic see
and it has brought us along for the

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journey

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now let's talk about the details of this
historic announcement

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ladies and gentlemen as you just heard

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today is a historic moment for NASA the
Voyager team

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in effect humankind my name is Dwayne
brown

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but nasa's Office of Communications we
have a lot to cover

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when I get right into it but a reminder
that all the information you here today

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and much more

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is on our website at www

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dot nasa dot gov slash voyager join the
conversation

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a lot will be talked about today

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Twitter Facebook and other social media
venues

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and joined the Q&A session send in your
question hash tag

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ask nasa before introduce our panel

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to give opening remarks you please
welcome

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and astrophysicists 5 time

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flown space shuttle astronaut and head

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or associate administrator for nasa's
science Mission Directorate

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ladies and gentlemen doctor John
Grunsfeld

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ok

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them space the final frontier

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these by the voyages of the Starship

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Voyager its 36-year mission

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to explore strange new worlds to seek
out anomalous cosmic rays

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and new plasmas to boldly go where no
probe

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has gone before those words from Star
Trek of course have inspired

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so many of us and I think our you know
characteristic up up the excitement and

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the discoveries were gonna talk about
today

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Voyager like the ancient mariners is
pushing out into new territory

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nasa science is all about exploring the
earth

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the solar system the Galaxy and the
universe itself

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someday humans will leave are cocooned
in the solar system

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to explore beyond our home system
four-hitter

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will it lead the way today's excited

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science science results reflect a
dynamic and I suspect continuing

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debate about the nature afar heliosphere

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this story is this story of Science

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stories exploration and a narrative
about over 40 years of hard work

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by one of our top teams scientists and
engineers

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that's almost the entire history of the
space age

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I'd personally like to salute one member
of the team my former boss

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headstone one of our country's greatest
scientists

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and my personal hero and to vidor I say

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live long and prosper thank you sir

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okay now to a panel first up you were
here

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its tone Borgia project scientists

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California Institute a technology

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duncan et 42 plasma wave investigation

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principal investigator University I work

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gary thank department of space sciences

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Center for space plasma error Aaron
omics

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research or cease bar at the University
of Alabama

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in Huntsville

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cancers and dot forge a project manager

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nasa's jet propulsion laboratory in
Pasadena Calif in with that

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upstart over you okay this is the
spacecraft

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the first interstellar space we made it
know is still add

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enough power to tickets sent back home

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what it was that we have now now
exploring in the

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this new regional space thirty-five
years

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9 a thirteen billion miles journey

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a it began in 1972 when the project
started

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July in 1972 are with launch in that

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to its two spacecraft in nineteen 77

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well for Jupiter Saturn Uranus and
Neptune

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that was 1989 and then in nineteen
ninety

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we began with now call the Voyager
interstellar mission

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are you might say well what is there to
discover beyond the plants

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are and that's what we were that was our
job was to discover what was beyond the

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planet's the Sun

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the win the the atmosphere the Sun
expand supersonic Lee million miles per

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hour creating a huge bubble

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around all the planets a that is called
the heliosphere

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and inside that bubble it's filled with
the

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are win from the Sun which a plasma
because I nice

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in that plasma carries out from the Sun
the sun's magnetic field

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and that bills this bubble outside the
bubble

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the plasma comes from the explosion has
from other

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giant stars millions of years ago and
that plasma

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carries with it the magnetic field of
the galaxy so that's what's inside

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in we are now outside the

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if I could have the first slide this is
a Hubble image

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one of these Astros fears around a
nearby store in the Orion Nebula

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I notice you can't see the they asked
the spirit self you see the star

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brightly shining

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with an orange Bioshock around it but
you can see the object

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which is a large invisible spear what
you see

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is a shock created as the interstellar
wind comes from the right side of that

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image

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and has diverted around the bubble that
you cannot see

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and it glows because it's been excited
by that that whole process

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we're inside a bubble like that and are
now

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out in that bright orangish yellowish
region out in front have our own

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bubble not now the

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if I could have the video please turns
out that voyagers been on sway for 35

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years thirty six years now

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it travels outward at a million miles
every day

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almost a million miles a day and it was
2004

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nine billion miles from the Sun before
it rat it big

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had any sense of being close to the edge
the heliosphere that's when it

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found that the solar wind itself had
slowed down from supersonic the subsonic

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speeds

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and in this picture you see the blue
area

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is the heliosphere the darker blue is
the supersonic part of the wind

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and Voyager 1 crossed into the layer
that's beyond that the dark

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the Bluebird somewhat darker blue area
and Duchess December 2004

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nine billion miles from the Sun it was
another $4 billion miles

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before reach the edge the bubble and
that wasn't

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August 2012 that's when we saw that

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energetic particles inside the bubble
leak out

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and disappear and that's where we saw
for the first time the lowest energy

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galactic cosmic rays which are in the
space outside

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were suddenly could be seeing are and

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from that point of view it looked as
though we had crossed interstellar space

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but we did not in fact we're not able to
conclude that in my say

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why didn't we know in August last year
that in fact we crossed in interstellar

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space

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that's because the boundary really is
the boundary between these two plasmas

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the solar plasma the wind

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and the interstellar plasma and
unfortunately our plasma

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instrument does not work on Voyager 1 so
we could not directly measure

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these two plasmas so we try to use the
proxy

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in that proxy is the magnetic field
carried by the two plasmas

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the feel carried by the Sun is directed
like this

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the field carried we thought carried by
the interstellar

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so we and was like this so we thought
when we cross the boundary we would see

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the field rotate

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well we cross the boundary an that's
what happen

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no change in direction just a increased

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strength the field so we couldn't
conclude that in fact we had changed

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plasma Department couldn't directly test

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that idea so what do we know now

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that we didn't know a year ago

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well we were very fortunate that the
spacecraft has on it

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resize the magnetometer which is what we
used as a proxy

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we also have these two 10-meter antennas
which are part of the plasma wave

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science system at the Donald talk about
in a moment

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and that was very important because it
gave us another way

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to measure the plasma assuming there
were some waves in the plasma

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the last time though that instrument so
anyways was when we cross that

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termination shock

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at that nine billion miles there hasn't
been having been away

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for another seven years until the Sun
basically had an eruption

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in March of 2012 which was sports Lee
headed in the direction of Voyager

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in about four hundred days it fight like
a tsunami it finally got to wear order

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is

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because the plasma to react in a way

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that it could be sensed and we knew for
the first time we were in the dance

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plasma ok interstellar space not in the
rarer plasma

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above the other part of the solar invoke

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so thats at the Badgers that's a major
new piece a bigger

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and I think it convinced most was at
least that we in dere an interstellar

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space for the first time

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about so there was a like a gift from
the Sun

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and we hope that there'll be more more
such eruptions so that

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week can measure the plasma as we
continue

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now now what does it mean to reach
interstellar space

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well first of all it's just we got there
any this is something we all hoped when

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we started on this forty years ago that
this would happen but none of us knew

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how big this mobile wasn't nervous knew
anything could last

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as long as the two Voyager spacecraft so
certainly luck

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is an important part of this but while
when we first saw that day a year ago

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was really quite stunning after having
in there on the way for so many years

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this remarkable journey eyes is clearly
a tribute

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to the many individuals responsible for
the successive or your mission over the

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last four decades

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in leaving the heliosphere and setting
sail

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the cosmic seas between the stores
Voyager

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has joined the other a historic

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journeys of exploration such as the
first time circumnavigation

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the earth and the first footprint on the
moon

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this historic step is even more exciting

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because it marks the beginning Avenue

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era exploration for a larger the
exploration

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this love this space between the stars
salt right over the doc

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thanks a lot it for the introduction and
for coming on the plaza Mwave instrument

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well as in said the the real issue here

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is plasmas a which prior plans where are
we in our way in the solar plasma or the

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interstellar plasma

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and now it's just unfortunate thing that
the instrument that was designed to

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measure plasmas

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a failed a a long time ago well 1980

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a now the instrument that I'm
responsible for the players or even

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instrument

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it's designed to measure waves
propagating in this

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ionized media out there we call plasma

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us cover the exotic subject but there's
a lot of different types of waves

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propagate somewhere just like sound
waves like I'm talking was here

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their call Diane Sawyer is they
propagate the good

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sometimes a great distances are also
ready always

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on our instrument consists love to

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long electric antennas if you bring up
the picture a Voyager

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you can see them there the 10 mir's law
and we essentially have a radio receiver

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at the base in those antennas I like
comment those antennas are kinda like

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the

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v-shaped and has used to a certain
amount of your TV

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you know the rabbit ears a well we can
detect radio emissions

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cue for senator he's our planet through
a very intense real man

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the matters only learn a lot a
researcher on radio emissions

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but as I said you can also detect waves
propagating in the plasma

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now there's one type of waves is
particularly important for us

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guys call electron Plaza Los lation you
have an exam afterwards i quiz you on

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the properties

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if you displace the electrons from the
ions and release them

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there's our attractive force in the
electrons or Percy dos laid back and

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forth

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the characteristic frequency that we
call the electron plasma frequency

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a it turns out this oscillation
frequency is

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directly related to the plasma density

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the number particles say perk per cubic

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meter and that's a very important

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quality to try to distinguish between
the interstellar plasma

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and the solar plasma because it turns up
for reasons I'll try to explain shortly

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the interstellar plasma is actually
considerably

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has considerably higher density than
solar plasma

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a so we can detect these ways

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for when I oscillation occurs cut like a
vibration

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a in the a plasma

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but unfortunately we don't do it all the
time

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and are getting the Y for example when
the

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when we saw the cosmic re changes
unfortunately we didn't have a plasma

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oscillations

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so we couldn't tell you this the now
okay so when can we measure the fires

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loss lations

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well it's got to do it the presence of
electron be

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a you know it's like a wind instrument
if you get air blowing in the wind

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instrument you sometimes good

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distinct pitch herself so sir like that

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okay where do we get electron beams we
get those four-story vans

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a big explosions on the Sun that he
checked plasma up from the Sun

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us all call for a lot less ejections and
you can run the soho image there

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will show some examples soho image hope
it's running

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I'll anyway these the rejections come
out at very high velocities million

242
00:15:04,579 --> 00:15:08,620
over a million miles an hour and %uh
sometimes are very dense

243
00:15:08,620 --> 00:15:11,620
her with blast the plasma coming out for
the Sun

244
00:15:11,620 --> 00:15:14,800
propagates great distances takes almost
a year

245
00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:20,310
to get out Voyager distances ahead of
those blast ways to electrons are

246
00:15:20,310 --> 00:15:21,740
accelerated aftershock

247
00:15:21,740 --> 00:15:25,790
itself rather yet they still really our
players lost lations

248
00:15:25,790 --> 00:15:29,440
a now it turned out after the cosmic re
change

249
00:15:29,440 --> 00:15:35,130
about a month and a half later and
october/november 2012 we detected

250
00:15:35,130 --> 00:15:39,070
a plasma oscillations I and it was

251
00:15:39,070 --> 00:15:43,279
created by a story that the frankly
we're still trying to study exactly what

252
00:15:43,279 --> 00:15:46,630
if it was just sort heard over such
great distances to make those

253
00:15:46,630 --> 00:15:47,839
connections

254
00:15:47,839 --> 00:15:50,899
then there is another revealed in the
this year

255
00:15:50,899 --> 00:15:54,820
april-may it was even stronger up now

256
00:15:54,820 --> 00:15:58,880
I'm going to show you shortly a
spectrogram a plot a frequency versus

257
00:15:58,880 --> 00:16:00,060
time

258
00:16:00,060 --> 00:16:04,380
and a on that spectrogram these
oscillations

259
00:16:04,380 --> 00:16:07,740
I'm talking about occur it audio
frequencies

260
00:16:07,740 --> 00:16:12,120
%uh so with our receiver we can actually
transmitting back to the ground actually

261
00:16:12,120 --> 00:16:13,589
what happens to get stored

262
00:16:13,589 --> 00:16:17,410
spacecraft tape recorder which we play
back every six months

263
00:16:17,410 --> 00:16:20,820
so there's a big time delays involved
here this was real or a little late

264
00:16:20,820 --> 00:16:22,430
reporting this

265
00:16:22,430 --> 00:16:25,720
up but they can play it back and then
you can actually

266
00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:29,010
listen to it us all I'm going to do is
the

267
00:16:29,010 --> 00:16:33,480
start this recording not yet our and
you'll see a cursor moving

268
00:16:33,480 --> 00:16:37,110
it I have a7 most general issue there
that we compressed

269
00:16:37,110 --> 00:16:40,610
fork slider 15 seconds where I sit here
and listen for seven months

270
00:16:40,610 --> 00:16:44,089
these things brought you what you're
here you'll hear the 1st October

271
00:16:44,089 --> 00:16:45,010
November

272
00:16:45,010 --> 00:16:50,410
a a 2012 and then there will be a little
bit over Gavriel hear anything then you

273
00:16:50,410 --> 00:16:51,800
hear the a

274
00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:55,850
the April may 2013 event

275
00:16:55,850 --> 00:16:59,290
a so when you here this recording

276
00:16:59,290 --> 00:17:02,290
fleas recognizes the historic event

277
00:17:02,290 --> 00:17:05,329
it's the first time that we've ever made
a recording

278
00:17:05,329 --> 00:17:12,179
up sounds interstellar space so play the
recording

279
00:17:12,179 --> 00:17:19,179
okay

280
00:17:20,510 --> 00:17:27,510
p cells as I tried to explain from the
frequency

281
00:17:27,850 --> 00:17:32,370
we can compute very accurately the
plasma density and it turned out to be

282
00:17:32,370 --> 00:17:34,640
about a hundred thousand per QX L

283
00:17:34,640 --> 00:17:39,430
per cubic meter just almost exactly what
we expected their stellar

284
00:17:39,430 --> 00:17:43,610
a a plasma fact we saw the first email I
just

285
00:17:43,610 --> 00:17:46,800
the myself my colleague bill Kurth we
said we're

286
00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:51,190
in the inner solar plasma now your nose
another thing and that recording

287
00:17:51,190 --> 00:17:56,370
the frequency was increasing a let's
play it again I put the dashed line on

288
00:17:56,370 --> 00:17:56,680
this

289
00:17:56,680 --> 00:18:00,610
on the spectrogram so you can cut your
idea how it's increasing

290
00:18:00,610 --> 00:18:07,610
also play the second recording

291
00:18:14,419 --> 00:18:18,989
p so this is evidence that work properly

292
00:18:18,989 --> 00:18:23,320
we're the spacecraft is moving into why
term a density ramp

293
00:18:23,320 --> 00:18:27,749
slowly increasing plasma density their
like are you over here

294
00:18:27,749 --> 00:18:30,960
agree saying quote shortly but not right
now a

295
00:18:30,960 --> 00:18:34,460
a explain that rail have to tell you

296
00:18:34,460 --> 00:18:38,600
that we made radio the detection so the
hilly cause

297
00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:42,720
about twenty years ago in 1993 and I

298
00:18:42,720 --> 00:18:45,720
detected that same ramp I

299
00:18:45,720 --> 00:18:49,190
as a shock wave propagating the
interstellar medium another

300
00:18:49,190 --> 00:18:53,230
and the radio frequency which is at the
Plaza the same frequency

301
00:18:53,230 --> 00:18:56,690
grizzly rose in those two observation
see the match

302
00:18:56,690 --> 00:19:00,039
almost perfectly well let me

303
00:19:00,039 --> 00:19:03,379
going a little more into what all this
means a

304
00:19:03,379 --> 00:19:07,489
if your show the next illustration this
is actually won a jury saying

305
00:19:07,489 --> 00:19:11,059
illustrations a and it shows there

306
00:19:11,059 --> 00:19:14,090
the I the sorta bullet shape

307
00:19:14,090 --> 00:19:17,999
he live 'cause and inside who opposes
that hot

308
00:19:17,999 --> 00:19:21,769
a files love solar wind it flows out
from the Sun

309
00:19:21,769 --> 00:19:25,029
at the very hardest part is out there
were it shows

310
00:19:25,029 --> 00:19:28,570
a red in that region the temperature

311
00:19:28,570 --> 00:19:32,989
is on the or million degrees or even
several million degrees

312
00:19:32,989 --> 00:19:39,019
extremely hot and then the the
Heliopolis occurs in the blue region is

313
00:19:43,039 --> 00:19:39,919
the interstellar

314
00:19:43,039 --> 00:19:46,580
a we have various reasons to think the
temperature is more modest

315
00:19:46,580 --> 00:19:50,889
a still high trust your standards but
about six thousand degrees

316
00:19:50,889 --> 00:19:55,460
so you have this tremendous temperature
difference across the hilly pause

317
00:19:55,460 --> 00:19:59,700
and to balance the pressure at the
loopholes you have to have a

318
00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:00,600
corresponding

319
00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:05,889
increase in the plasma density the
density has to go up

320
00:20:05,889 --> 00:20:09,529
when you go into the interstellar mean a
interstellar plasma

321
00:20:09,529 --> 00:20:13,049
me scene counter-intuitive you might
think the interstellar

322
00:20:13,049 --> 00:20:16,809
for you know players was it's like a
vacuum but it's not the density actually

323
00:20:16,809 --> 00:20:18,440
goes up some substantially

324
00:20:18,440 --> 00:20:22,289
and as I described we just measured the

325
00:20:22,289 --> 00:20:26,789
density on the on the interstellar side
to go the next slide

326
00:20:26,789 --> 00:20:32,249
I show a plot above the plasma density
is you come out from the Sun

327
00:20:32,249 --> 00:20:37,109
on the left and %uh the red areas are
very hot gas from the Sun

328
00:20:37,109 --> 00:20:41,049
and on the other right is the
interstellar

329
00:20:41,049 --> 00:20:44,590
plasma which I colored blue because it's
cool

330
00:20:44,590 --> 00:20:49,190
and you'll notice a right at the heel
because there's that very large dog a

331
00:20:49,190 --> 00:20:49,840
job

332
00:20:49,840 --> 00:20:53,359
which has got to do with the temperature
differences that we've actually measured

333
00:20:53,359 --> 00:20:54,570
the plasma density

334
00:20:54,570 --> 00:20:58,299
on the source I that the termination
shock by CID said:

335
00:20:58,299 --> 00:21:02,669
nine years ago we detected players lost
lesions that the shock

336
00:21:02,669 --> 00:21:07,440
we often detect a lotta ways shockwave
and the frequency there was

337
00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:12,230
300 hurts much lower than the frequency
we're talking about now

338
00:21:12,230 --> 00:21:17,179
and I forgot to tell you but density
goes is the frequency squared

339
00:21:17,179 --> 00:21:20,590
the school reported the quiz I'll give
you and a

340
00:21:20,590 --> 00:21:25,129
so assist the frequency with up a factor
10 that meant the density

341
00:21:25,129 --> 00:21:28,639
when other factor a hundred so there's
this huge density

342
00:21:28,639 --> 00:21:31,980
jump across the hilly a pause in fact we
buy

343
00:21:31,980 --> 00:21:35,119
X travelling our measurements with we
make an argument

344
00:21:35,119 --> 00:21:38,759
our papers that there's the jump
actually occurred on or around

345
00:21:38,759 --> 00:21:43,179
August 25th where the cosmic rays occur
so that's probably where we entered into

346
00:21:43,179 --> 00:21:48,609
well I'll call interstellar space anyway
a very exciting time for me I've

347
00:21:48,609 --> 00:21:53,779
I've work to well but working in space
research for 55 years I started working

348
00:21:53,779 --> 00:21:54,919
with Joe vendela

349
00:21:54,919 --> 00:21:58,799
is still a juvenile was very interested
in reaching the healing powers

350
00:21:58,799 --> 00:22:03,070
with the players 10 11 but firstly the
spacecraft to

351
00:22:03,070 --> 00:22:07,489
stopped operating first he died several
years ago I think he'd be very

352
00:22:07,489 --> 00:22:10,730
proud to a to hear this evening

353
00:22:10,730 --> 00:22:15,220
and maybe he's actually listening argues
carries a

354
00:22:15,220 --> 00:22:19,070
by calling here well thanks don that was
just

355
00:22:19,070 --> 00:22:23,279
I the news when done first called me
this was a little before the paper was

356
00:22:23,279 --> 00:22:27,669
I'm quite extraordinary he I think
called me to sound me out a little bit

357
00:22:27,669 --> 00:22:30,419
about some of some of the models that we
were developing

358
00:22:30,419 --> 00:22:33,759
and and he told me that the

359
00:22:33,759 --> 00:22:37,269
plasma frequency had suggested that the
am

360
00:22:37,269 --> 00:22:41,599
number density the plasma density that
they were measuring was on the order of

361
00:22:41,599 --> 00:22:45,230
of about point 08 particles per cubic
centimeter or not took

362
00:22:45,230 --> 00:22:48,909
I think it took us both what all have 10
seconds fifteen seconds

363
00:22:48,909 --> 00:22:52,909
to conclude that we had to be in the
interstellar medium and so why did we

364
00:22:52,909 --> 00:22:56,259
conclude that I think if we pull up the
first figure there's some

365
00:22:56,259 --> 00:22:59,960
a simulation these are the this looks
quite simple but it comes from an

366
00:22:59,960 --> 00:23:02,649
extraordinarily complex set of
simulations

367
00:23:02,649 --> 00:23:06,220
that that we run on on a lot of the sort
of pop and

368
00:23:06,220 --> 00:23:10,589
a super computers around the country but
what you can see in that blue side

369
00:23:10,589 --> 00:23:15,169
is is the interstellar medium region and
you'll notice on the left side is is

370
00:23:15,169 --> 00:23:18,070
quiet and the white and factors is the

371
00:23:18,070 --> 00:23:21,799
solar material the material that came
from the Sun

372
00:23:21,799 --> 00:23:25,769
and these computer shit simulations
illustrate very very clearly that there

373
00:23:25,769 --> 00:23:27,249
should be an enormous jump

374
00:23:27,249 --> 00:23:31,119
in going from the sole aside to the
interstellar side

375
00:23:31,119 --> 00:23:34,159
in the density of the of the plasma

376
00:23:34,159 --> 00:23:38,470
that plasma jump in fact is on the order
of a hundred times

377
00:23:38,470 --> 00:23:43,249
now you might ask why in fact was the
instrument not observing something that

378
00:23:43,249 --> 00:23:45,999
could have been in the so to me and in
the solar

379
00:23:45,999 --> 00:23:49,339
a.m. medium instead of the interstellar
medium

380
00:23:49,339 --> 00:23:54,190
for example these very strong tsunami
lack shocks that that had referred to

381
00:23:54,190 --> 00:23:58,679
well we've examined that and and we know
that from the simulations and from the

382
00:23:58,679 --> 00:24:02,149
expectations of the underlying theory
that in fact

383
00:24:02,149 --> 00:24:06,409
such huge enhancements have the number
density are are impossible to get

384
00:24:06,409 --> 00:24:10,899
within the within the am within the a
soda medium it has to be

385
00:24:10,899 --> 00:24:13,989
that we crossed over the interstellar
medium the other thing that you'll

386
00:24:13,989 --> 00:24:17,249
notice interestingly about that figure
is that in fact although it looks very

387
00:24:17,249 --> 00:24:18,820
steep that line

388
00:24:18,820 --> 00:24:22,440
that jumps from the end so the side to
the interstellar side

389
00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:27,460
is in fact I'm somewhat gradual there is
a ramp there on that ground gradually

390
00:24:27,460 --> 00:24:30,730
increases and so that again is this very
consistent with

391
00:24:30,730 --> 00:24:35,200
I'm with the kind of observations that
that donna's reporting

392
00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:39,179
so that transition is called the he
opposes as don indicated

393
00:24:39,179 --> 00:24:44,019
I and and it has this hundredfold I am
increase and so consequently because

394
00:24:44,019 --> 00:24:47,989
there's no other possible explanation I
think we're forced and were obliged to

395
00:24:47,989 --> 00:24:51,249
conclude that were are in fact in the
interstellar medium

396
00:24:51,249 --> 00:24:56,259
I'm this is truly a remarkable
achievement I believe it's very hard for

397
00:24:56,259 --> 00:24:58,450
us as a said to comprehend that

398
00:24:58,450 --> 00:25:02,080
you know first the space-age start at
fifty five years ago

399
00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:07,149
and um in that period we've actually
exited the solar system we've we've

400
00:25:07,149 --> 00:25:07,849
exited

401
00:25:07,849 --> 00:25:12,099
the material that's created by the Sun
and we're in a truly alien environment

402
00:25:12,099 --> 00:25:13,710
the material in which

403
00:25:13,710 --> 00:25:17,869
Voyager finds itself is not created by
the Sun it's created in fact by

404
00:25:17,869 --> 00:25:22,980
by our neighboring stars I'm supernova
remnants and so forth and so Voyager ins

405
00:25:22,980 --> 00:25:28,070
and some very real sense is is material
that's not from the medium in which it

406
00:25:28,070 --> 00:25:31,109
finds itself so we've truly crossed over

407
00:25:31,109 --> 00:25:35,149
um nonetheless Voyager has and continues
and I

408
00:25:35,149 --> 00:25:40,549
expect will continue to do so has a
remarkable capacity to surprise and so

409
00:25:40,549 --> 00:25:44,589
even though in some sense the
observations that Voyager has presented

410
00:25:44,589 --> 00:25:46,710
us with in terms of the density

411
00:25:46,710 --> 00:25:50,629
and also in terms of the anomalous in
galactic cosmic rays

412
00:25:50,629 --> 00:25:54,259
those are all consistent with our
expectations theoretically

413
00:25:54,259 --> 00:25:58,299
it turns out that the magnetic field is
it alluded to is is still something that

414
00:25:58,299 --> 00:26:00,519
puzzles us considerably

415
00:26:00,519 --> 00:26:05,059
and if we go to the next and slide am
our expectations were

416
00:26:05,059 --> 00:26:08,080
that the interstellar medium had a had a
magnetic field that was

417
00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:11,339
re-entered in a certain direction and
the

418
00:26:11,339 --> 00:26:15,330
interplanetary magnetic field which is
effectively by like a big are comedians

419
00:26:15,330 --> 00:26:16,470
spiral

420
00:26:16,470 --> 00:26:21,700
I'm met that the re: and tation between
the magnetic field on the sole aside and

421
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:25,029
the orientation of the magnetic field on
the interstellar side

422
00:26:25,029 --> 00:26:28,440
would be somewhat significantly
different possibly by as much as about

423
00:26:28,440 --> 00:26:30,279
30 degrees

424
00:26:30,279 --> 00:26:34,480
and they were most likely be an increase
or a significant change in the magnetic

425
00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:35,779
field strength

426
00:26:35,779 --> 00:26:39,499
what voyeur just saw is illustrated on
the right of that figure you can see the

427
00:26:39,499 --> 00:26:41,739
little red and the little green and the
little salsa

428
00:26:41,739 --> 00:26:45,149
Blatter colored I'm green curve

429
00:26:45,149 --> 00:26:49,220
and in fact there was almost no change
very little changed at all

430
00:26:49,220 --> 00:26:53,450
and so this is is is a real puzzled as
to what is happening what is the physics

431
00:26:53,450 --> 00:26:54,919
that underlies this this

432
00:26:54,919 --> 00:26:58,950
absence of of of sudden change in the
magnetic field

433
00:26:58,950 --> 00:27:02,869
I'm and the reason why this is so
puzzling is if we go to the next slide

434
00:27:02,869 --> 00:27:04,759
there's a series of three

435
00:27:04,759 --> 00:27:09,929
I'm figures these the top figure is
observations that were obtained by

436
00:27:09,929 --> 00:27:10,389
what's

437
00:27:10,389 --> 00:27:14,819
by the IBEX spacecraft into interstellar
boundary Explorer

438
00:27:14,819 --> 00:27:18,000
and what it shows is in a sense
messengers

439
00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:21,579
and a very energetic particles that are
created neutral particles that are

440
00:27:21,579 --> 00:27:24,200
created and the boundaries of this
region

441
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:28,869
that come to us in a measured by the
spacecraft one astronomical unit

442
00:27:28,869 --> 00:27:32,500
and at the surprise on these
observations was there was the so-called

443
00:27:32,500 --> 00:27:33,259
ribbon that

444
00:27:33,259 --> 00:27:36,869
regional green and Hans meant that you
see in the figure

445
00:27:36,869 --> 00:27:40,369
that was completely unexpected we
managed to explain it or at least we

446
00:27:40,369 --> 00:27:42,440
thought we had managed to explain it

447
00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:47,139
I'm by I'm bye bye by creating a model
that essentially

448
00:27:47,139 --> 00:27:51,419
I'm relied very strongly on a certain
REM tation and strength of the

449
00:27:51,419 --> 00:27:53,309
interstellar magnetic field

450
00:27:53,309 --> 00:27:57,909
and when we use disorientation and we
ran these big computer simulations and

451
00:27:57,909 --> 00:28:01,579
we incorporated this additional physics
what we obtained was that figure on the

452
00:28:01,579 --> 00:28:02,769
lower left

453
00:28:02,769 --> 00:28:05,769
and you can see that in fact
theoretically it doesn't excellent job

454
00:28:05,769 --> 00:28:07,259
of agreeing with the Voyager

455
00:28:07,259 --> 00:28:10,349
with the IBEX observed River

456
00:28:10,349 --> 00:28:13,679
unfortunately if you change that
magnetic field around and change it

457
00:28:13,679 --> 00:28:14,859
sorry and tations

458
00:28:14,859 --> 00:28:18,289
and even its strength you end up with
something that looks more like

459
00:28:18,289 --> 00:28:22,069
at the bottom panel on the right which
is a ribbon that doesn't agree with the

460
00:28:22,069 --> 00:28:23,829
observations at all

461
00:28:23,829 --> 00:28:27,899
so we have now to constraints one as
were in the interstellar medium voyagers

462
00:28:27,899 --> 00:28:29,059
told us that

463
00:28:29,059 --> 00:28:33,399
the interstellar plasma density is a
significantly high and there's almost

464
00:28:33,399 --> 00:28:37,710
no other conclusion that we can come to
and on the other hand we have

465
00:28:37,710 --> 00:28:43,089
I'm a magnetic field that can explain
ibex observations

466
00:28:43,089 --> 00:28:47,819
and we have no theory what so ever to to
bridge this gap

467
00:28:47,819 --> 00:28:51,259
so we're in the fortunate position I'm
not sure of it and and don't agree but

468
00:28:51,259 --> 00:28:54,569
where the fortunate position of having
another good few years of trying to

469
00:28:54,569 --> 00:28:55,950
explain this and

470
00:28:55,950 --> 00:28:59,289
trying to persuade people that they need
to continue giving us a lot I've

471
00:28:59,289 --> 00:29:03,659
I'm computer time and and money and
effort to to allow us to figure out just

472
00:29:03,659 --> 00:29:06,539
exactly what is going on

473
00:29:06,539 --> 00:29:10,069
and in a sense this is only a really the
beginning

474
00:29:10,069 --> 00:29:14,319
Voyager as a set has the same in Iraq
rather remarkable capacity to surprise

475
00:29:14,319 --> 00:29:15,869
at every turn

476
00:29:15,869 --> 00:29:20,099
and we're now going into a completely
new environment it's truly alien it's

477
00:29:20,099 --> 00:29:24,039
not part of the solar system we stepped
into the galaxy where out of our solar

478
00:29:24,039 --> 00:29:25,450
environment

479
00:29:25,450 --> 00:29:29,819
and what voyagers going to discover
truly beggars the imagination

480
00:29:29,819 --> 00:29:34,399
I think that I'm at least for theorists
we've got ten twenty thirty years of

481
00:29:34,399 --> 00:29:37,089
great fun and excitement ahead of us

482
00:29:37,089 --> 00:29:42,169
I am and i'm looking forward to it it
for me it just turned on a personal note

483
00:29:42,169 --> 00:29:47,349
it's been truly remarkable I was in high
school in a different country altogether

484
00:29:47,349 --> 00:29:51,720
when Voyager was launched iight did not
know if their dad did not know Don

485
00:29:51,720 --> 00:29:55,509
I'm it's been a privilege to to get to
know both of them of course

486
00:29:55,509 --> 00:29:59,879
but Voyager has had this capacity not
only to do fantastic really

487
00:29:59,879 --> 00:30:02,899
groundbreaking and remarkable science
that

488
00:30:02,899 --> 00:30:06,369
I am is is as as as ed described

489
00:30:06,369 --> 00:30:09,929
a ranks with the greatest voyages of
discovery above

490
00:30:09,929 --> 00:30:14,329
of humankind but it's also bridged
generations of scientists

491
00:30:14,329 --> 00:30:18,970
across and and as I said this is a
mission that's almost as long as the

492
00:30:18,970 --> 00:30:22,230
space age itself and I've had the
opportunity of

493
00:30:22,230 --> 00:30:26,079
I and witnessing in a sense the launch
and now are being

494
00:30:26,079 --> 00:30:30,749
at at what to me is culturally and
historically changing moment

495
00:30:30,749 --> 00:30:33,940
in in humankind we've put something into

496
00:30:33,940 --> 00:30:37,809
into interstellar space itself first
step into the galaxy and for a

497
00:30:37,809 --> 00:30:41,319
younger person I'm told my daughter's
tell me not

498
00:30:41,319 --> 00:30:45,049
that I'm not a young person anymore but
for a younger person in any event

499
00:30:45,049 --> 00:30:50,639
its its its it's quite humbling to be
part of this

500
00:30:50,639 --> 00:30:54,200
sources and you gonna tell me why and
obsolete piece of equipment still

501
00:30:54,200 --> 00:30:55,549
continues to function

502
00:30:55,549 --> 00:30:58,710
yeah thank you Gary I'm what

503
00:30:58,710 --> 00:31:02,429
I'm thrilled to be here wow that's about
all I can say a

504
00:31:02,429 --> 00:31:07,009
are a bit like Gary I was in high school
when border is launched and I was a

505
00:31:07,009 --> 00:31:08,879
little more concerned about getting my

506
00:31:08,879 --> 00:31:13,819
driver's license that I was Sir about
watching border launch at the time

507
00:31:13,819 --> 00:31:17,389
but I'm I'm excited to be here in
intoxicated a

508
00:31:17,389 --> 00:31:20,460
as the project manager and I'll key
point I want to make

509
00:31:20,460 --> 00:31:23,649
is that a this mission is not over

510
00:31:23,649 --> 00:31:27,589
I think you've heard all the my previous
speakers tell you how much more science

511
00:31:27,589 --> 00:31:28,440
is out there

512
00:31:28,440 --> 00:31:32,609
yet to come and many many more
discoveries are out there yet to come

513
00:31:32,609 --> 00:31:36,589
as well I'm speaking role they %uh first
graphic

514
00:31:36,589 --> 00:31:41,109
so up worried you're was launched at a
time where it could take advantage of

515
00:31:41,109 --> 00:31:41,839
the unique

516
00:31:41,839 --> 00:31:45,859
trajectory which happens only 176 years

517
00:31:45,859 --> 00:31:50,149
I it could reach all the outer planets
in a 12 year time period

518
00:31:50,149 --> 00:31:54,099
the last time that could have happened
was during thomas jefferson

519
00:31:54,099 --> 00:31:57,139
administration cell I warrior one

520
00:31:57,139 --> 00:32:02,109
a went by said a Jupiter and Saturn that
was the original mission

521
00:32:02,109 --> 00:32:05,589
an envoy 22 was able to continue on to
Uranus

522
00:32:05,589 --> 00:32:10,730
and Neptune I between the two order
spacecraft they discovered 23

523
00:32:10,730 --> 00:32:14,669
moon said the outer giant planets and
today Voyager

524
00:32:14,669 --> 00:32:18,329
his traveling away from us in
interstellar space

525
00:32:18,329 --> 00:32:21,940
at over 38,000 miles per hour

526
00:32:21,940 --> 00:32:25,019
now arm the boys spacecraft is all

527
00:32:25,019 --> 00:32:30,409
I and because of that a the science team
who works on it are what we like to call

528
00:32:30,409 --> 00:32:33,460
well-seasoned and if I can have the

529
00:32:33,460 --> 00:32:37,730
slide the team one slide I this is an
image takin

530
00:32:37,730 --> 00:32:42,220
from 1972 it's the first fine steering
group meeting held at the jet propulsion

531
00:32:42,220 --> 00:32:43,799
laboratory

532
00:32:43,799 --> 00:32:46,899
right after the project was started I

533
00:32:46,899 --> 00:32:51,069
you probably take out ads don't you see
in the front row the second from the

534
00:32:51,069 --> 00:32:53,409
left his here's a little darker and

535
00:32:53,409 --> 00:32:57,240
I you know if he's looking pretty good
as well as well as restless I is seen

536
00:32:57,240 --> 00:32:58,159
there

537
00:32:58,159 --> 00:33:01,710
and if I could have the next team
picture you'll see

538
00:33:01,710 --> 00:33:05,399
a how we look today okay so this image
was taken

539
00:33:05,399 --> 00:33:10,759
on Monday and its nearly forty years
after the previous image

540
00:33:10,759 --> 00:33:16,440
and I this is the science team there's
about 12 engineers back at JPL who

541
00:33:16,440 --> 00:33:19,009
operate both spacecraft

542
00:33:19,009 --> 00:33:23,629
and their they've been with the project
nearly as long as all the scientists and

543
00:33:23,629 --> 00:33:27,700
and what I can tell you about this group
is that they are extremely passionate

544
00:33:27,700 --> 00:33:31,049
about their science there are has
passionate today

545
00:33:31,049 --> 00:33:34,549
they argue they banter at each other
they go back and forth at it in the

546
00:33:34,549 --> 00:33:36,339
science team meetings and I and

547
00:33:36,339 --> 00:33:40,349
they're just as passionate today as they
were in 1972

548
00:33:40,349 --> 00:33:44,710
I'm so what are the things I want you I
give you a sense for is the

549
00:33:44,710 --> 00:33:47,720
technology and aged the voyager
spacecraft

550
00:33:47,720 --> 00:33:50,749
so the Voyager spacecraft has only

551
00:33:50,749 --> 00:33:53,919
68 kilobytes a memory on board now

552
00:33:53,919 --> 00:33:58,190
I am fought my smartphone whichever all
you have

553
00:33:58,190 --> 00:34:01,849
his SS two hundred and forty thousand
times more memory

554
00:34:01,849 --> 00:34:05,609
the voyager spacecraft not pay

555
00:34:05,609 --> 00:34:08,770
but we it's the little spacecraft that
could

556
00:34:08,770 --> 00:34:12,149
you know we keep on going I

557
00:34:12,149 --> 00:34:15,200
we talk communicate with the spacecraft

558
00:34:15,200 --> 00:34:18,750
everyday both spacecraft every day and

559
00:34:18,750 --> 00:34:21,829
we use the deep space network that's run
by

560
00:34:21,829 --> 00:34:27,299
at nasa and relieve I would say the
Voyager in the DSN have grown up

561
00:34:27,299 --> 00:34:30,500
together the DSN has been with us the
whole time

562
00:34:30,500 --> 00:34:36,909
I a Voyager is currently eleven point
six billion miles away from us

563
00:34:36,909 --> 00:34:40,069
and it true as the signal from voyager

564
00:34:40,069 --> 00:34:45,500
to the earth takes 17 hours and 22
minutes one way

565
00:34:45,500 --> 00:34:48,549
okay wager transmits with a 22 what

566
00:34:48,549 --> 00:34:53,309
transmitter I guess about the sides have
your refrigerator like all

567
00:34:53,309 --> 00:34:56,869
I'm when that signal comes down in a DSN
picks it up

568
00:34:56,869 --> 00:35:02,579
it's one tenth of a billion billion over
what

569
00:35:02,579 --> 00:35:05,589
now I I

570
00:35:05,589 --> 00:35:09,710
back in everywhere we were fortunate to
have another

571
00:35:09,710 --> 00:35:12,720
Observatory the very long baseline array

572
00:35:12,720 --> 00:35:16,579
which is operated by the National Radio
Astronomy Observatory

573
00:35:16,579 --> 00:35:20,520
try to look for voyagers radio signal

574
00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:23,890
at avoid your was eleven and a half
billion miles away

575
00:35:23,890 --> 00:35:28,250
last february and Vrba went out there
and look for the signal thing to bring

576
00:35:28,250 --> 00:35:30,430
up the next graphic

577
00:35:30,430 --> 00:35:34,029
they were able to see and a blue spec

578
00:35:34,029 --> 00:35:37,279
and this image represents the void your

579
00:35:37,279 --> 00:35:40,529
radio signal has seen by the world's
most

580
00:35:40,529 --> 00:35:43,819
sensitive ground-based telescope

581
00:35:43,819 --> 00:35:48,969
its just spec in amongst the sea in
darkness

582
00:35:48,969 --> 00:35:52,790
now I mentioned earlier that this
mission can continue for

583
00:35:52,790 --> 00:35:57,759
several more years I'll we use
radioisotope thermoelectric generators

584
00:35:57,759 --> 00:35:58,400
they were

585
00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:02,460
provided by the Department of Energy I'm

586
00:36:02,460 --> 00:36:05,609
and they DK at four what's

587
00:36:05,609 --> 00:36:09,069
per year in other words they lose for
water power per year

588
00:36:09,069 --> 00:36:12,770
so has a as a project manager and the
engineers on board we have to be very

589
00:36:12,770 --> 00:36:15,560
careful to manage that power source

590
00:36:15,560 --> 00:36:20,219
so that we can can continue to operate
the instruments for as long as possible

591
00:36:20,219 --> 00:36:25,830
and we have enough power to operate the
fields and particles instruments

592
00:36:25,830 --> 00:36:29,580
I which are taking Nick the current
interstellar data

593
00:36:29,580 --> 00:36:34,020
out till the year 2020 so that seven
more years we can operate

594
00:36:34,020 --> 00:36:38,750
East instruments and then after the year
2020 will be turning off one instrument

595
00:36:38,750 --> 00:36:43,480
at a time until the year 2025 when all
the instruments will go off

596
00:36:43,480 --> 00:36:47,770
but that gives us a good 13 40 more
years to operate the voyager spacecraft

597
00:36:47,770 --> 00:36:50,910
get science data back from them

598
00:36:50,910 --> 00:36:55,049
we can operate the spacecraft about 10
more years afterwards

599
00:36:55,049 --> 00:36:59,420
I'm if we just want to take down
engineering data

600
00:36:59,420 --> 00:37:03,690
so where is where you're going I have
the King have the next graphic

601
00:37:03,690 --> 00:37:07,680
that's where borders going okay that
starr is

602
00:37:07,680 --> 00:37:11,069
a C-plus 7938 88

603
00:37:11,069 --> 00:37:14,130
borders on its way to a close approach
with it

604
00:37:14,130 --> 00:37:18,830
I in about 40,000 years it's gonna come
within one point seven

605
00:37:18,830 --> 00:37:22,380
lightyears this star and all swinging by
it

606
00:37:22,380 --> 00:37:28,830
and will continue to orbit around the
center of our Milky Way galaxy

607
00:37:28,830 --> 00:37:32,339
I'm in finally I just wanna a

608
00:37:32,339 --> 00:37:36,160
comments that I really feel the people
who are

609
00:37:36,160 --> 00:37:39,489
had the vision to create Voyager who

610
00:37:39,489 --> 00:37:42,640
job built it who centered on its way
they were

611
00:37:42,640 --> 00:37:46,989
they just had an extraordinary vision
about the discovery in the adventure

612
00:37:46,989 --> 00:37:50,869
and a Warrior was built for scientists

613
00:37:50,869 --> 00:37:55,109
but a it's really for all of us

614
00:37:55,109 --> 00:38:00,330
I Voyager contains on it its border has
a gold record

615
00:38:00,330 --> 00:38:03,330
this gold record was designed by Carl
Sagan

616
00:38:03,330 --> 00:38:06,509
and his team and on the school record

617
00:38:06,509 --> 00:38:10,330
our music and greeting

618
00:38:10,330 --> 00:38:13,390
and sounds and even images

619
00:38:13,390 --> 00:38:16,930
love the planet Earth from all over the
planet Earth

620
00:38:16,930 --> 00:38:20,469
and it's really a time capsule love us
you know this is

621
00:38:20,469 --> 00:38:24,079
this is us contained in this record and
now the Voyager

622
00:38:24,079 --> 00:38:28,239
particularly Voyager 1 is carrying this
time capsule of us

623
00:38:28,239 --> 00:38:32,670
into interstellar space were traveling
along with forger

624
00:38:32,670 --> 00:38:36,259
as it continues on this journey of
discovery

625
00:38:36,259 --> 00:38:39,270
love Plano and get back to you thank you
suzanne

626
00:38:39,270 --> 00:38:43,739
ladies and gentlemen clearly an
incredible team

627
00:38:43,739 --> 00:38:48,210
and I want to acknowledge the deputy
associate administrator

628
00:38:48,210 --> 00:38:52,170
for space communications navigation
scanned by G eunice

629
00:38:52,170 --> 00:38:55,259
are taken care listening to the
spacecraft but

630
00:38:55,259 --> 00:38:58,799
I believe these this team in all the
folks many in this room

631
00:38:58,799 --> 00:39:02,069
and now listening to his program was
given a round of applause great job

632
00:39:02,069 --> 00:39:08,170
fork

633
00:39:08,170 --> 00:39:11,910
okay here's how we gonna do this we're
gonna go to the phone lines but i wanna

634
00:39:11,910 --> 00:39:15,460
there are folks out there watching and
I'm here ima is there a lot of you all

635
00:39:15,460 --> 00:39:18,489
out there are buzzing about this news
about

636
00:39:18,489 --> 00:39:21,960
please stay with us because there is a
incredible video that we're gonna in the

637
00:39:21,960 --> 00:39:23,989
program with so don't go away

638
00:39:23,989 --> 00:39:27,130
when I go to the phone lines going to
take a few questions

639
00:39:27,130 --> 00:39:31,160
I'll allow the media around the world
have this story so we want to thank

640
00:39:31,160 --> 00:39:32,779
working with science

641
00:39:32,779 --> 00:39:37,089
magazine and of course all the work from
Jet Propulsion Laboratory and and again

642
00:39:37,089 --> 00:39:38,040
the team

643
00:39:38,040 --> 00:39:42,299
so let's %uh go to the phone lines and
then we're gonna take a couple questions

644
00:39:42,299 --> 00:39:45,480
from social media and then we're gonna
show the video

645
00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:49,950
I let me take one question from social
media

646
00:39:49,950 --> 00:39:54,219
I i think im gonna try to go there first
this is my colleague I am

647
00:39:54,219 --> 00:39:57,730
Jason counsel on the case %uh manager
for social media Jason

648
00:39:57,730 --> 00:40:01,440
what's going on out in the social media
or indeed there's lotsa bus today all

649
00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:04,099
over social media about this
announcement so first question comes

650
00:40:04,099 --> 00:40:04,989
from crew

651
00:40:04,989 --> 00:40:10,160
robot has voiced his path pretty well
met expectations or have unknown unseen

652
00:40:10,160 --> 00:40:11,380
gravitational sources

653
00:40:11,380 --> 00:40:14,849
modified its course

654
00:40:14,849 --> 00:40:19,109
I can I today its courses very
accurately determined by the

655
00:40:19,109 --> 00:40:23,960
gravitational forces were world

656
00:40:23,960 --> 00:40:28,440
okay okay now let's I will come back to
social media we're gonna now go to the

657
00:40:28,440 --> 00:40:29,520
phone line

658
00:40:29,520 --> 00:40:33,000
and I think we're gonna a to San
Francisco David Perlman

659
00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:37,190
San Francisco Chronicle David thanks
very much to take my

660
00:40:37,190 --> 00:40:40,650
bar put down their net acted you

661
00:40:40,650 --> 00:40:45,239
explain the a results for the plasma
oscillations

662
00:40:45,239 --> 00:40:48,969
in up to now ever Andy well

663
00:40:48,969 --> 00:40:53,859
and april/may 2013 where they both the
results of the CME

664
00:40:53,859 --> 00:40:57,040
Asano what but all I about

665
00:40:57,040 --> 00:41:00,210
yes I'm coming on that the

666
00:41:00,210 --> 00:41:03,500
the last event the April they

667
00:41:03,500 --> 00:41:07,150
2013 we're pretty sure that it started

668
00:41:07,150 --> 00:41:12,509
with the Saint Patrick's Day even which
was in March of 2012 in a really exactly

669
00:41:12,509 --> 00:41:13,549
eight

670
00:41:13,549 --> 00:41:17,660
a because the the there's a particular
instrument

671
00:41:17,660 --> 00:41:21,380
time for me just instrument he's here he
could come in if you like

672
00:41:21,380 --> 00:41:25,719
assault affect their that that had the
right timing

673
00:41:25,719 --> 00:41:29,099
are now the other event we've had more
trouble a

674
00:41:29,099 --> 00:41:32,140
identified just what it was on the Sun

675
00:41:32,140 --> 00:41:36,020
that produce that even I i think that's
a that's still under study

676
00:41:36,020 --> 00:41:39,339
although there are some interesting
things have happened in two spacecraft

677
00:41:39,339 --> 00:41:40,480
they're not your

678
00:41:40,480 --> 00:41:45,029
reported plea that story and put I might
come at that

679
00:41:45,029 --> 00:41:48,400
because the earth moves around the Sun
we are not

680
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:52,369
always in the ideal position to see
something headed toward Voyager in fact

681
00:41:52,369 --> 00:41:53,239
in December

682
00:41:53,239 --> 00:41:56,710
we're on the opposite side of the Sun
from from voyager so something from the

683
00:41:56,710 --> 00:41:59,049
Sun heading out the Voyager we could not
see

684
00:41:59,049 --> 00:42:03,250
from Earth

685
00:42:03,250 --> 00:42:08,819
the next question is fun Jacqui Goddard
from the times of london

686
00:42:08,819 --> 00:42:13,650
techie a and congratulations is a
question set up to stone

687
00:42:13,650 --> 00:42:16,920
attend a conference like this last year
when he said I that

688
00:42:16,920 --> 00:42:20,500
voyage along with hearing yesterday he
is say he said that he didn't know how

689
00:42:20,500 --> 00:42:20,949
you would

690
00:42:20,949 --> 00:42:24,489
celebrate when the moment find K he's a
good puppy

691
00:42:24,489 --> 00:42:29,799
home with me I'm beyond just holding a
meeting in Houston to celebrate

692
00:42:29,799 --> 00:42:33,109
well we did hold the meeting in fact
we've held three meetings since they

693
00:42:33,109 --> 00:42:33,810
have does

694
00:42:33,810 --> 00:42:37,020
says the Plaza Way observations occurred
because

695
00:42:37,020 --> 00:42:40,099
this is a obviously an exciting
milestone for

696
00:42:40,099 --> 00:42:43,880
for all of us and I think we're looking
forward to

697
00:42:43,880 --> 00:42:47,049
a further meetings coming up with the
American Geophysical Union meeting in

698
00:42:47,049 --> 00:42:48,000
December so

699
00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:51,900
somewhere along the line we will really
celebrate but individually we're all

700
00:42:51,900 --> 00:42:54,910
overjoyed I like their

701
00:42:54,910 --> 00:43:01,910
actually I consider those meetings to be
inquisition if

702
00:43:02,710 --> 00:43:08,449
okay now we have have bill harwood CBS
News bill greetings

703
00:43:08,449 --> 00:43:12,190
thank you very much question for here
what about order to win with you

704
00:43:12,190 --> 00:43:14,449
expected to

705
00:43:14,449 --> 00:43:18,130
to get there and what will it bring to
the table with to require that you could

706
00:43:18,130 --> 00:43:18,829
have avoided

707
00:43:18,829 --> 00:43:22,210
West Bank well for small Voyager 1 is
headed up

708
00:43:22,210 --> 00:43:25,500
I in the toward the north and critique
at much in the nose

709
00:43:25,500 --> 00:43:28,890
were direction for you to is sorta down
here

710
00:43:28,890 --> 00:43:32,690
are in the south and somewhat off to the
flag so it's a different part

711
00:43:32,690 --> 00:43:35,960
the heliosphere are and SNC

712
00:43:35,960 --> 00:43:39,210
we do have a working solar wind
instruments or actually measuring the

713
00:43:39,210 --> 00:43:41,449
plasma density speed and temperature

714
00:43:41,449 --> 00:43:45,680
we will have that when we cross the area
pause on Voyager 2

715
00:43:45,680 --> 00:43:49,750
are in terms of timing I we don't know
for sure

716
00:43:49,750 --> 00:43:53,779
but it was it took three years a more
forward your tooth

717
00:43:53,779 --> 00:43:56,880
find the termination shock and larger
one so you might say

718
00:43:56,880 --> 00:44:00,869
another three years for voice to find he
oppose to first-order

719
00:44:00,869 --> 00:44:07,109
but in fact as usual voice your kids are
prices

720
00:44:07,109 --> 00:44:11,000
k'nex callers Clara Moskowitz from
Scientific American

721
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:15,109
for yes hi thanks for taking my call

722
00:44:15,109 --> 00:44:18,109
think pocket a little bit point can
attest

723
00:44:18,109 --> 00:44:23,920
origin kid and iPad a what it made up
event

724
00:44:23,920 --> 00:44:29,609
well the interstellar plasma is judged
created by the explosion of stars so

725
00:44:34,750 --> 00:44:30,190
there's a

726
00:44:34,750 --> 00:44:37,810
new star it's so messy that starr has a
life

727
00:44:37,810 --> 00:44:42,299
only about a million years and it blows
up and puts all that stuff back out into

728
00:44:46,739 --> 00:44:43,660
the interstellar medium

729
00:44:46,739 --> 00:44:51,969
by exploding stars we do know there were
set up exploding stars near the earth

730
00:44:51,969 --> 00:44:55,489
a five to ten to fifteen million years
ago

731
00:44:55,489 --> 00:44:58,549
and the material we're currently
surrounded by

732
00:44:58,549 --> 00:45:05,549
is stuff that came from those explosions
plus what was there when they exploded

733
00:45:06,210 --> 00:45:09,810
next question is from Kelly Beatty Sky &
Telescope

734
00:45:09,810 --> 00:45:13,250
code yeah be a thank you very much and

735
00:45:13,250 --> 00:45:17,449
and the a great day I'm I'm a little
confused by this time line here

736
00:45:17,449 --> 00:45:20,770
um about a month ago

737
00:45:20,770 --> 00:45:23,829
the article came out by marks was back
at all but

738
00:45:23,829 --> 00:45:27,109
that they thought the border with them
they hear you

739
00:45:27,109 --> 00:45:30,190
I V minister will meet him in and at
going

740
00:45:30,190 --> 00:45:34,130
came out with a statement well little
probable at this point

741
00:45:34,130 --> 00:45:37,150
get you have a positive way about

742
00:45:37,150 --> 00:45:41,790
bikini kinda walk me through the my mind
of what you do when you knew it

743
00:45:41,790 --> 00:45:44,839
well I think Don you should talk about
the time it took

744
00:45:44,839 --> 00:45:48,819
to get the data down summer was on the
tape recorder in the spacecraft

745
00:45:48,819 --> 00:45:53,500
a and the time it took to us to have to
really make sure this was plasma wave

746
00:45:53,500 --> 00:45:55,560
data and not radio data

747
00:45:55,560 --> 00:46:00,469
right yes what the the data the
high-resolution data we get that type of

748
00:46:00,469 --> 00:46:01,180
thing the

749
00:46:01,180 --> 00:46:06,349
we played two sound so they're stored on
the tape record space craft paper core

750
00:46:06,349 --> 00:46:10,089
and it can be up to six months so I play
back every six months

751
00:46:10,089 --> 00:46:15,430
a but the I think I would also color
maybe a year on the comment that I

752
00:46:15,430 --> 00:46:19,739
believed this was that people basically
a theory paper and as a matter fact

753
00:46:19,739 --> 00:46:23,579
our paper was submitted least almost a
month before there's the just got

754
00:46:23,579 --> 00:46:24,650
through the

755
00:46:24,650 --> 00:46:27,819
the review cycle faster than we do.

756
00:46:27,819 --> 00:46:33,210
so if you wanna talk about timing there
some other factors yeah

757
00:46:33,210 --> 00:46:37,210
okay we'll take a couple more questions
than the couple more from social media

758
00:46:37,210 --> 00:46:40,359
we're gonna try to close out a top
Italian but remember stay tuned for that

759
00:46:40,359 --> 00:46:41,529
video

760
00:46:41,529 --> 00:46:45,290
Mike wall space dot com Mike

761
00:46:45,290 --> 00:46:48,420
I'll PLO

762
00:46:48,420 --> 00:46:51,910
I got thanks again for but you don't
listen

763
00:46:51,910 --> 00:46:55,079
yeah a great job getting out that the
big moment for all over

764
00:46:55,079 --> 00:46:59,259
from for the question now the your
you're actually gonna miss dollar space

765
00:46:59,259 --> 00:47:03,160
me the there what you expect

766
00:47:03,160 --> 00:47:06,670
but to the hot spot where from the
question but it is on the trying to

767
00:47:06,670 --> 00:47:09,599
answer out there and I know it's
entirely new environment

768
00:47:09,599 --> 00:47:13,160
update for sure about what there was no
things like

769
00:47:13,160 --> 00:47:16,779
but that will be looking for prompted
mister

770
00:47:16,779 --> 00:47:21,329
send data back to Earth your very I
concur I can't comment on that

771
00:47:21,329 --> 00:47:25,660
well as they showed their where as:
voyagers moving out the density is

772
00:47:25,660 --> 00:47:27,719
slowly increasing

773
00:47:27,719 --> 00:47:32,049
and the well the there can be various
models for that

774
00:47:32,049 --> 00:47:36,319
we saw similar affect with the radio
emission twenty years ago in their paper

775
00:47:36,319 --> 00:47:36,719
I

776
00:47:36,719 --> 00:47:40,259
described as a pile up the fact that the

777
00:47:40,259 --> 00:47:44,880
a heliosphere is moving into the
interstellar medium in the

778
00:47:44,880 --> 00:47:49,270
plasma may so I say pilot factors a
paper by Braun of

779
00:47:49,270 --> 00:47:53,680
that suggested that for a simple
explanation I i've been telling some

780
00:47:53,680 --> 00:47:55,259
other media is like a snow plow

781
00:47:55,259 --> 00:47:59,199
going through the snow on the pulse of
the head but I'm sure that there's more

782
00:47:59,199 --> 00:48:00,380
sophisticated

783
00:48:00,380 --> 00:48:04,989
I explanations I actually know that
you're a sake as one

784
00:48:04,989 --> 00:48:09,650
there were how would you like to pick
the ball well i i concerti take the ball

785
00:48:09,650 --> 00:48:13,859
a not gonna continue or your explanation
or discussion further in that regard on

786
00:48:13,859 --> 00:48:14,420
but

787
00:48:14,420 --> 00:48:17,599
to answer the question that was asked in
part I'm

788
00:48:17,599 --> 00:48:20,599
that there is a great deal if very
interesting science that the

789
00:48:20,599 --> 00:48:24,290
really opens up here for one an 1

790
00:48:24,290 --> 00:48:27,549
one of the things I think that will be
%uh Vav tremendous interest and

791
00:48:27,549 --> 00:48:29,069
importance is to study

792
00:48:29,069 --> 00:48:33,339
more accurately the galactic cosmic rays
the galactic cosmic rays of course a

793
00:48:33,339 --> 00:48:34,390
created in the

794
00:48:34,390 --> 00:48:38,270
I'm probably in supernova remnant I'm
driven shocks

795
00:48:38,270 --> 00:48:43,079
and and so in order to study those we've
always studied them from within the

796
00:48:43,079 --> 00:48:44,299
heliosphere and

797
00:48:44,299 --> 00:48:48,829
that mean studying the particles these
and very very energetic galactic cosmic

798
00:48:48,829 --> 00:48:52,069
rays when they're very strongly
modulated by the

799
00:48:52,069 --> 00:48:55,630
by the presence of the solar wind and so
being outside

800
00:48:55,630 --> 00:48:59,310
the the heliosphere allows us an
opportunity to in a sense look at the

801
00:48:59,310 --> 00:49:00,400
undiluted

802
00:49:00,400 --> 00:49:04,719
galactic cosmic ray spectrum the and
I'll YouTube galactic cosmic rays

803
00:49:04,719 --> 00:49:08,390
so that'll tell us a great deal more
about the interstellar medium it very

804
00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:09,160
distant

805
00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:16,799
through this very complicated
interstellar medium the interstellar

806
00:49:16,799 --> 00:49:18,400
medium some extra pop

807
00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:22,040
warm I I and eyes partially ionized

808
00:49:22,040 --> 00:49:25,109
not ionized gases and arm

809
00:49:25,109 --> 00:49:28,500
and of course it also allows to study a
great deal about the nature of the

810
00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:32,589
fluctuations in the magnetic field in
the end in the interstellar medium

811
00:49:32,589 --> 00:49:36,819
and so already in some respects I
believe Voyager is probably and Tom

812
00:49:36,819 --> 00:49:39,009
creamy just as reported on this

813
00:49:39,009 --> 00:49:42,910
showing up a number of surprises and in
the nature of the Galactic anomalous

814
00:49:42,910 --> 00:49:46,359
cosmic rays the anomalous cosmic rays of
course disappeared but where did they

815
00:49:46,359 --> 00:49:48,960
disappear to and what affect have they
on the

816
00:49:48,960 --> 00:49:52,579
on the local interstellar medium so
that's going to be a very large area of

817
00:49:52,579 --> 00:49:55,099
study another very interesting area that
that

818
00:49:55,099 --> 00:49:58,390
that is worth with looking at closely as

819
00:49:58,390 --> 00:50:01,619
certainly were in the interstellar
medium but the interstellar medium ISM

820
00:50:01,619 --> 00:50:06,579
is itself affected by the by the solar
wind and its properties

821
00:50:06,579 --> 00:50:10,770
and so they're a very complicated
processes that that that

822
00:50:10,770 --> 00:50:16,779
I'm lead to the deposition up momentum
and energy into the very local

823
00:50:16,779 --> 00:50:21,130
I environment the very local
interstellar environment and one example

824
00:50:21,130 --> 00:50:25,529
is is the propagation of the shockwaves
that would driven off by the Sun

825
00:50:25,529 --> 00:50:29,810
into the interstellar medium how to
those propagate what do they look like

826
00:50:29,810 --> 00:50:33,630
what is the nature of the energy and
momentum transfer from the Sun to the

827
00:50:33,630 --> 00:50:34,719
interstellar medium

828
00:50:34,719 --> 00:50:38,380
there are other processes at work
associated with the deposition

829
00:50:38,380 --> 00:50:42,619
of energetic neutral atoms into the
local interstellar medium

830
00:50:42,619 --> 00:50:46,449
and that has enough tangible effect on
the nature of the interstellar medium

831
00:50:46,449 --> 00:50:50,130
so love that needs to be considered and
and explored

832
00:50:50,130 --> 00:50:53,640
and then of course there's just a very
basic questions of what other

833
00:50:53,640 --> 00:50:56,829
what is the nature of the interstellar
plasma

834
00:50:56,829 --> 00:51:00,299
proton and electron distribution
functions and

835
00:51:00,299 --> 00:51:05,009
how do those differ from the solar wind
we unfortunately can't get a composition

836
00:51:05,009 --> 00:51:06,349
but we can learn and

837
00:51:06,349 --> 00:51:10,219
enormous amount about the interstellar
medium that we previously only

838
00:51:10,219 --> 00:51:12,150
understood from looking at

839
00:51:12,150 --> 00:51:16,150
number about using remote observations
that a typically integrated over many

840
00:51:16,150 --> 00:51:17,299
past six

841
00:51:17,299 --> 00:51:21,319
so for the first time were actually
gonna be able to put our hands

842
00:51:21,319 --> 00:51:25,099
into the interstellar medium and look at
the stuff and ask what it does and what

843
00:51:38,969 --> 00:51:25,750
it

844
00:51:38,969 --> 00:51:42,589
okay we're getting close to the top now
we're gonna go to social media and

845
00:51:42,589 --> 00:51:45,989
would take one more and I believe you
have another social media event

846
00:51:45,989 --> 00:51:49,699
happening later on this afternoon you
may want to show that Jason

847
00:51:49,699 --> 00:51:53,150
indeed this question comes from Twitter
user case in major will Voyager

848
00:51:53,150 --> 00:51:56,819
ever be able to take a picture of our
son or solar system from beyond the

849
00:51:56,819 --> 00:51:58,810
heliosphere

850
00:51:58,810 --> 00:52:04,469
we I took a picture a porter the solar
system with Voyager 1 in 1990

851
00:52:04,469 --> 00:52:09,250
and after that we unloaded the software
on the spacecraft to run the cameras

852
00:52:09,250 --> 00:52:12,449
and we no longer have this computer
switcher quite all

853
00:52:12,449 --> 00:52:15,699
by now on the ground to process the data

854
00:52:15,699 --> 00:52:20,329
a and as we've our power supplies gotten
smaller and smaller we can

855
00:52:20,329 --> 00:52:23,400
we would not be have enough power to
turn those instruments back on at this

856
00:52:23,400 --> 00:52:24,240
point

857
00:52:24,240 --> 00:52:29,810
so no we cannot provide any more just

858
00:52:29,810 --> 00:52:32,720
wonderful thanks for asking if he's
there for media questions for everybody

859
00:52:32,720 --> 00:52:35,240
on social media here on the %uh platform
read it

860
00:52:35,240 --> 00:52:38,530
later today we are going to be having a
bunch of our scientists

861
00:52:38,530 --> 00:52:42,700
up and talking in answering questions in
an AMA on reddit that's an ask me

862
00:52:47,480 --> 00:52:43,430
anything

863
00:52:47,480 --> 00:52:49,240
be there later it's ready dot com

864
00:52:49,240 --> 00:52:53,050
thank you Jason solution gentleman
clearly

865
00:52:53,050 --> 00:52:56,050
wanna thank you for being here before we
get to the video coupler

866
00:52:56,050 --> 00:53:00,410
notes here again all this information
and more is available on www

867
00:53:00,410 --> 00:53:04,290
that nasa got cups less forger and

868
00:53:04,290 --> 00:53:07,470
a social media is jason said is deeply a
buzz

869
00:53:07,470 --> 00:53:11,440
on what's going on so let me set up this
video for you very cool

870
00:53:11,440 --> 00:53:16,200
over the past several months folks were
asked what message they would send

871
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:20,450
to avoid you to commemorate its arrival
interstellar space what you're going to

872
00:53:20,450 --> 00:53:20,940
see

873
00:53:20,940 --> 00:53:24,790
some others messages lol doctor
Grantsville was up here

874
00:53:24,790 --> 00:53:28,500
a that Star Trek context %uh

875
00:53:28,500 --> 00:53:33,270
that the the audio was low here but he
created quite a buzz when the Star Trek

876
00:53:33,270 --> 00:53:36,200
team was playing while he was talking so
check the internet for that

877
00:53:36,200 --> 00:53:40,840
but will you will recognize faces here
for Star Trek and from other places

878
00:53:40,840 --> 00:53:45,010
and I think John maybe in a tricky I
think the trekkies and I know you

879
00:53:45,010 --> 00:53:46,110
trekkies out there

880
00:53:46,110 --> 00:53:50,610
if if mister Spock was here he would say
something like

881
00:53:50,610 --> 00:53:54,870
fascinating yeah thanks for joining us

882
00:53:54,870 --> 00:53:58,690
and enjoy the video thank you for
joining us on this historic moment

883
00:53:58,690 --> 00:54:05,690
the mine

884
00:54:07,260 --> 00:54:09,800
them

885
00:54:09,800 --> 00:54:14,640
and

886
00:54:14,640 --> 00:54:17,720
there's word crossing over to deter

887
00:54:17,720 --> 00:54:22,150
storage space is the farthest thing
we've ever sent

888
00:54:22,150 --> 00:54:26,320
anywhere wager accomplished its mission
so brilliantly

889
00:54:26,320 --> 00:54:31,550
now goes on this bugle which was which
is too long past its expected

890
00:54:31,550 --> 00:54:34,560
a service life is still

891
00:54:34,560 --> 00:54:37,820
sending messages going beyond what we
know

892
00:54:37,820 --> 00:54:40,970
in our neighborhood we are boldly going

893
00:54:40,970 --> 00:54:44,460
where no one has gone before

894
00:54:44,460 --> 00:54:47,580
it's as simple as that just lost

895
00:54:47,580 --> 00:54:50,940
the void your

896
00:54:50,940 --> 00:54:54,050
record and really the Voyager mission

897
00:54:54,050 --> 00:54:57,830
X were conceived and executed on behalf
of all human

898
00:54:57,830 --> 00:55:01,190
with the second work X Wales

899
00:55:01,190 --> 00:55:05,810
towns in all the different languages in
the world welfare

900
00:55:05,810 --> 00:55:09,810
to painter lenin's mexican Sun

901
00:55:09,810 --> 00:55:14,090
Carl Sagan and seventies a record it
hosts the children's planet Earth

902
00:55:14,090 --> 00:55:18,810
Portugal record day would be enormously
proud to be a great celebration

903
00:55:18,810 --> 00:55:22,750
it's an amazing accomplishment spicy
food you should I just go

904
00:55:22,750 --> 00:55:26,220
I was selected to do Portuguese

905
00:55:26,220 --> 00:55:29,740
it's hard to imagine aliens

906
00:55:29,740 --> 00:55:34,470
being able to decipher the Golden Record
but if they can't decipher s

907
00:55:34,470 --> 00:55:39,830
I like to think that though though take
our message in a positive spirit

908
00:55:39,830 --> 00:55:42,880
we stand today at the threshold

909
00:55:42,880 --> 00:55:47,310
great at Bacchus instead potential for
discovery and exploration

910
00:55:47,310 --> 00:55:51,680
this is not science fiction this is
better than science fiction this is

911
00:55:51,680 --> 00:55:53,110
science reality

912
00:55:53,110 --> 00:55:56,320
its so bored right but you farewell and

913
00:55:56,320 --> 00:56:00,420
thank you for being our ambassador job
well done

914
00:56:00,420 --> 00:56:04,800
you should write you should maybe drop a
postcard

915
00:56:04,800 --> 00:56:08,030
let us know how you doing so we
shouldn't worry just

916
00:56:08,030 --> 00:56:11,880
congratulations to everyone on the four
GT but don't stop there

917
00:56:11,880 --> 00:56:15,370
many more routes to explore and thank
you

918
00:56:15,370 --> 00:56:18,740
for expanding humankind's